Three worked monthly budgets
Each line below is either a figure from the dataset or a fixed US reference amount scaled by this country's index for that category. The reference column stays on screen so you can see exactly what was multiplied by what, and swap in your own number where your life differs.
One person, outside the city centre
A single adult renting a one-bedroom away from the centre, cooking most nights, using public transport rather than running a car.
| Line item | How it was derived | In Italy | Same line, US |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rent, one-bed outside the centre | Market average for a one-bedroom, taken straight from the data | $830 | $1,350 |
| Groceries and household | $400 US reference × groceries index 91 | $364 | $400 |
| Utilities, phone and internet | $210 US reference × utilities index 93 | $195 | $210 |
| Local transport | $120 US reference × transport index 105 | $126 | $120 |
| Eating and drinking out | $170 US reference × restaurant index 94 | $160 | $170 |
| Everything else (clothes, leisure, repairs) | $240 US reference × overall price index 71 | $170 | $240 |
| Monthly total | $1,845 | $2,490 | |
The same basket runs $645 a month less than it would in the United States, or about $7,740 across a year.
A couple, one-bedroom in the centre
Two people sharing a central one-bedroom, two transport passes, a bigger grocery bill and a real restaurant habit.
| Line item | How it was derived | In Italy | Same line, US |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rent, one-bed in the centre | Market average for a one-bedroom, taken straight from the data | $1,200 | $1,700 |
| Groceries and household | $680 US reference × groceries index 91 | $619 | $680 |
| Utilities, phone and internet | $265 US reference × utilities index 93 | $246 | $265 |
| Local transport, two people | $215 US reference × transport index 105 | $226 | $215 |
| Eating and drinking out | $360 US reference × restaurant index 94 | $338 | $360 |
| Everything else (clothes, leisure, repairs) | $430 US reference × overall price index 71 | $305 | $430 |
| Monthly total | $2,934 | $3,650 | |
The same basket runs $716 a month less than it would in the United States, or about $8,592 across a year.
Remote worker still paid by a US employer
Central flat, no local employer and therefore no local employer health cover, plus the travel and connectivity costs that come with keeping a US job from abroad.
| Line item | How it was derived | In Italy | Same line, US |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rent, one-bed in the centre | Market average for a one-bedroom, taken straight from the data | $1,200 | $1,700 |
| Groceries and household | $470 US reference × groceries index 91 | $428 | $470 |
| Utilities, phone, internet and a desk | $300 US reference × utilities index 93 | $279 | $300 |
| Local transport | $150 US reference × transport index 105 | $158 | $150 |
| Eating and drinking out | $420 US reference × restaurant index 94 | $395 | $420 |
| Everything else, including travel home | $520 US reference × overall price index 71 | $369 | $520 |
| Private health cover, one adult | Typical private premium in the dataset, not scaled | $200 | Not comparable |
| Monthly total | $3,029 | $3,560 | |
The same basket runs $731 a month less than it would in the United States, or about $8,772 across a year. The US column excludes health cover because the structures do not line up: Employer-sponsored single coverage averaged about $777 a month in total premium, most of it paid by the employer, before deductibles and out-of-pocket costs.
These are models, not surveyed household budgets. They take national price levels and apply them to a fixed reference basket, so they describe the price environment rather than anyone's actual spending. Capital cities routinely run above the national index, second cities below it, and a car, school fees, childcare or debt payments would each add a line that is not here.
Category by category against the US
The overall index hides the spread. The category that comes out best against the US is rent at an index of 55; the one that comes out worst is transport at 105, a spread of 50 points between them. Budget from the categories you actually spend in rather than from the headline number: a household that eats out four nights a week is exposed to a different index than one that cooks.
| Category | Index | Compared with the US | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall consumer prices (including rent) | 71 | Cheaper | 29% less |
| Rent | 55 | Much cheaper | 45% less |
| Groceries | 91 | Cheaper | 9% less |
| Restaurants | 94 | Similar | 6% less |
| Transport | 105 | Similar | 5% more |
| Utilities | 93 | Similar | 7% less |
| Location | Italy | United States |
|---|---|---|
| City centre | $1,200 | $1,700 |
| Outside centre | $830 | $1,350 |
| Average net salary | $2,690 | $4,230 |
Rent is the line worth stress-testing first. A central one-bedroom averages $1,200 against $1,700 in the US, and moving out of the centre takes it to $830, a difference of $370 a month before anything else in the budget changes.
How each category ranks across the tracked countries
The table above compares Italy with the United States. This one compares it with everywhere else on this site, category by category, so you can see which line items are a real advantage here and which are simply normal across the countries Americans look at.
| Category | Italy | Median of the set | Rank | Cheapest in the set |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall prices | 71 | 87 | 6 of 15 | Thailand (32) |
| Rent | 55 | 77 | 5 of 15 | Thailand (29) |
| Groceries | 91 | 93 | 6 of 15 | Thailand (64) |
| Restaurants | 94 | 94 | 8 of 15 | Thailand (26) |
| Transport | 105 | 103 | 9 of 15 | Thailand (52) |
| Utilities | 93 | 93 | 7 of 15 | Thailand (17) |
Where Italy ranks in this dataset
Against the 15 countries tracked here, Italy is number 6 from the cheapest, and 9 of them are more expensive. The cheapest in the set is Thailand at 32, the priciest Ireland at 100.
| Rank | Country | Index | vs US | 1-bed, centre | $4,230 of US spending costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thailand | 32 | 67.7% less | $475 | $1,366 |
| 2 | Mexico | 62 | 38% less | $765 | $2,623 |
| 3 | Portugal | 63 | 37% less | $1,200 | $2,665 |
| 4 | Japan | 66 | 34.3% less | $1,280 | $2,779 |
| 5 | Spain | 70 | 30% less | $1,390 | $2,961 |
| 6 | Italy You are here | 71 | 29% less | $1,200 | $3,003 |
| 7 | Germany | 72 | 28.5% less | $645 | $3,024 |
| 8 | New Zealand | 87 | 13% less | $1,112 | $3,680 |
| 9 | Netherlands | 88 | 12% less | $1,640 | $3,722 |
| 10 | Canada | 91 | 9% less | $1,433 | $3,849 |
| 11 | Sweden | 92 | 8% less | $1,206 | $3,892 |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 92 | 8% less | $2,370 | $3,892 |
| 13 | Norway | 99 | about level | $1,642 | $4,188 |
| 14 | Australia | 100 | about level | $1,675 | $4,230 |
| 15 | Ireland | 100 | about level | $2,263 | $4,230 |
What a US take-home packet is worth in Italy
The same dollars buy a different amount of life once the local price level applies. Each card takes a US monthly take-home figure, reprices the identical standard of living at an index of 71, and shows what is left over. Rent share is the central one-bedroom as a percentage of that take-home, next to the same share in the US.
Modest take-home
$3,000/mo take-home
- Same lifestyle costs
- $2,130
- Left over each month
- +$870
- Buys what this would in the US
- $4,225
- Central rent as a share of pay
- 40% vs 57% in the US
US average net pay
$4,230/mo take-home
- Same lifestyle costs
- $3,003
- Left over each month
- +$1,227
- Buys what this would in the US
- $5,958
- Central rent as a share of pay
- 28% vs 40% in the US
Senior take-home
$8,000/mo take-home
- Same lifestyle costs
- $5,680
- Left over each month
- +$2,320
- Buys what this would in the US
- $11,268
- Central rent as a share of pay
- 15% vs 21% in the US
Take-home is the number that matters here, so these figures assume you have already paid tax somewhere. Where that tax is due is a separate question with real money attached. How the Italy tax rules treat Americans →
The same budgets against the pay that usually funds them
An index tells you what things cost, not whether you can afford them. The average local net salary in Italy is $2,690 a month against $4,230 in the US, so the budgets above land very differently depending on who is paying you. The share column is the modelled budget as a percentage of that net pay.
| Household | Budget in Italy | Income assumed | Share of net pay | Same basket, US pay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single person, local job | $1,845 | Local average net pay, $2,690 | 69% | 59% |
| Couple, two local jobs | $2,934 | Two local average net salaries, $5,380 | 55% | 43% |
| Remote worker, US employer | $3,029 | US average net pay, $4,230 | 72% | 84% |
A local job also means local deductions. The top personal income tax rate in Italy is 43% and VAT or sales tax runs at 22% on most of what you buy, which is already inside the price indices above but not inside a US gross salary you might be comparing against.
Run your own number for Italy
Put your real take-home in and the comparison reruns against the Italy price level, with and without rent.
A ratio, not a budget: it scales your income by the country's overall consumer price level against the US average. Your actual costs depend on the city and how you live. Rent figures are national market averages for a one-bedroom apartment.
Cost questions about Italy
Is Italy cheaper than the US?
Overall yes, by around 30 percent on OECD purchasing power parity data converted at 2026 rates. Rent is the biggest saving, with a national average asking price of EUR 15 per square metre per month. Groceries run about 9 percent below US prices and restaurants about 6 percent. Transport is slightly more expensive and electricity costs roughly twice the US price per kilowatt-hour, though the average household still pays a little less than an American one for power, heating, water and refuse combined, about USD 195 a month, because Italian homes are small. Average Italian net pay is only about USD 2,700 a month, so the savings only help if your income is not Italian.
Can I get Italian citizenship through my great-grandparent?
No longer, in almost all cases. Law 74/2025, in force since 24 May 2025, limited citizenship by descent to people with a parent or grandparent who was an Italian citizen holding no other citizenship at the relevant time, or whose Italian parent lived in Italy for two consecutive years before their birth. Applications or confirmed consular appointments made before 27 March 2025 are still judged under the old rules.
Sources and method
Indices are expressed against a US national average of 100 and reconciled from the sources below. Rent and salary figures are national averages in US dollars. The budget tables multiply those indices by the reference amounts printed in each row; no figure on this page comes from a household survey, and none of it is financial advice.
What these numbers are. The headline figures were re-derived from primary sources during review. Some category indices could not be matched to a published statistic and are reasoned estimates, marked as such in the list below. Where a source entry says a value is derived, estimated or crowd-sourced, that is exactly what it is: no international body publishes a like-for-like index for every category, and private insurance premiums are not published at all in most countries. Rent figures are national market averages, so a capital city will run above them. How the dataset is built.
- OECD, Purchasing Power Parities detailed results: price level indices for Italy with the United States as base (US = 100), 2024, the latest full comparison available. Household final consumption 67.7; food and non-alcoholic beverages 86.7; transport 99.9; restaurants and accommodation services 89.4; housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 50.8. The indices published on this page are those figures carried forward to 2026 by a single net factor of 1.05, being the EUR/USD move (1.1623 divided by 1.0824 = 1.074) times relative consumer price inflation from the 2024 annual average to 2026 (Italy +3.3% against the United States +5.6%, a factor of 0.978). That gives col_index 71, groceries 91, transport 105 and dining 94. These four are extrapolations from a 2024 base, not directly observed 2026 figures. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Eurostat, Price level indices (prc_ppp_ind), Italy 2024, EU27 = 100: actual individual consumption 98.1; electricity, gas and other fuels 117.9; restaurants and hotels 106.9. Used as a cross-check on the category pattern. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Eurostat, Annual net earnings (earn_nt_net), Italy 2025: gross EUR 40,056 and net EUR 27,787.67 for a single person without children at 100% of average earnings. Net figure divided by 12 and converted at USD 1.1622 per euro gives USD 2,691 a month. — accessed September 4, 2026
- European Central Bank, euro reference exchange rate: USD 1.1622 per EUR on 4 September 2026, 2026 year-to-date average 1.1623 across the 173 quotation days to 4 September, 2024 annual average 1.0824. All euro amounts on this page are converted at 1.1622. — accessed September 4, 2026
- idealista, rental prices in Italy hit a new high in May 2026: national average asking rent EUR 15.0 per square metre per month, Milan 23.2, Florence 21.8, Venice 21.7, Rome 19.8, Caltanissetta 4.6. Aggregated listing data, used because Italy has no official national market-rent series, so treat it as indicative rather than as an official statistic. The one-bedroom figures on this page assume a 55 square metre flat at about EUR 18.7 per square metre in city centres (USD 1,196, rounded to 1,200) and EUR 13 per square metre outside the centre (USD 831, rounded to 830). The square-metre rates and the 55 square metre size are our assumptions, not idealista's. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Eurostat, Electricity prices for household consumers (nrg_pc_204), consumption band DC (2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year), all taxes and levies included: Italy EUR 0.2966 per kWh in the second half of 2025. The all-band figure for the same period is EUR 0.3330. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Eurostat, Gas prices for household consumers (nrg_pc_202), consumption band D2 (20 to 199 GJ a year), all taxes and levies included: Italy EUR 0.1481 per kWh in the second half of 2025. This is the source for the piped gas price quoted on this page. — accessed September 4, 2026
- US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly Table 5.3: average US residential retail electricity price 18.16 cents per kWh year to date 2026, and 18.34 cents in June 2026. Against the Eurostat figure of EUR 0.2966 per kWh (34.5 US cents at 1.1622) this makes Italian residential electricity about 1.9 times the US price. — accessed September 4, 2026
- US Energy Information Administration, natural gas prices, US residential: USD 13.96, 14.95 and 16.16 per thousand cubic feet in January, February and March 2026, an average of USD 15.02 across the heating season, which is about 4.9 US cents per kWh at 304 kWh per thousand cubic feet. Against the Eurostat Italian figure of EUR 0.1481 per kWh (17.2 US cents) this makes Italian piped gas roughly 3.5 times the US price. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Basis for utilities_index_vs_us (93): the typical monthly household bill, not a unit price. ISTAT, Indagine sulle spese delle famiglie 2024 (dataflow 31_740, Spese per consumi - COICOP 2018, SPESA_MEDIA, average monthly expenditure per household, all Italian households, national total EUR 2,755.09 a month). The four items in scope are COICOP 045 electricity, gas and other fuels EUR 136.92 (of which electricity 66.72, gas 61.67, liquid fuels 1.39, solid fuels 6.45, district heat 0.69), 0441 water supply EUR 16.37, 0443 sewage collection EUR 0.29 and 0442 refuse collection EUR 20.26, a like-for-like basket of EUR 173.84 a month. Repriced from the 2024 annual average to the latest observed month with the Eurostat HICP for Italy (CP045 from 163.3 to 154.6 in December 2025, a factor of 0.947; CP044 from 116.5 to 120.9, a factor of 1.038) gives EUR 167.94 a month, which is USD 195.18 at USD 1.1622 per euro. The consumption assumption is Italy's own national household average as measured by ISTAT rather than a fixed dwelling size or a fixed kWh block, so it already reflects small Italian flats, mild southern winters and the roughly one household in five that does not use piped gas. The denominator is this site's standard US reference basket of about USD 210 a month for the same four items, which gives 195.18 divided by 210, an index of 93. That USD 210 anchor is an editorial constant used across every country page rather than a published statistic, and it is conservative: on the closest official US measure, the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey for 2024 cited below, a US consumer unit spent USD 268 a month on the same four items, which would put the index nearer 73. Two known biases run the other way for Italy: where a building has riscaldamento centralizzato, heating and sometimes water reach the tenant through the spese condominiali, which ISTAT books under COICOP 0444, other services relating to the dwelling, at EUR 55.73 a month and does not split out, so the all-in figure for those households is higher than EUR 168; and the ISTAT average covers owner-occupiers as well as renters. — accessed September 4, 2026
- US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, average annual expenditure per consumer unit, all consumer units, 2024 (series CXUELECTRICLB1101M): electricity USD 1,833. The companion series give natural gas USD 493 (CXUNATRLGASLB1101M), fuel oil and other fuels USD 62 (CXUFUELOILLB1101M) and water and other public services, which covers water, sewer and trash, USD 826 (CXUWATERLB1101M). Those four sum to USD 3,214 a year, USD 268 a month, the like-for-like US counterpart of the ISTAT Italian basket. Telephone services, USD 1,460 a year, are excluded from both sides. Retrieved through the BLS public data API because bls.gov refuses automated page requests. — accessed September 4, 2026
- ARERA, the Italian regulator for energy, networks and the environment, press release Elettricita: Maggior Tutela +4,6% nel III trimestre 2026 per i clienti vulnerabili: annual electricity spend for the regulated typical household (2,700 kWh a year on a 3 kW connection) is EUR 591.86 for 1 October 2025 to 30 September 2026, down 0.9% from EUR 597.30 in the previous twelve months, about EUR 49 a month. Used as a regulator cross-check on the ISTAT electricity line of EUR 66.72 a month, which is higher because most Italian households have left the regulated tariff for the free market and many consume more than the reference user. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Methodology note for rent_index_vs_us (55). The rent index is anchored on the OECD price level index for housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels, category A0104 in the dataset linked here, which is 50.8 for Italy against the United States in 2024, or 53 after the same 1.05 carry-forward applied to the other indices. It is nudged up to 55 because that OECD aggregate includes the expensive Italian utilities counted separately on this page and leans heavily on imputed rents rather than market rents. The 55 is our estimate rather than a published index; no official series compares Italian and US market rents directly. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Basis for typical_private_insurance_usd_month (200): an estimate anchored on the statutory minimum voluntary SSN contribution of EUR 2,000 per year (USD 194 per month at 1.1622), which is the realistic floor an elective residency holder pays for comprehensive cover. Commercial expatriate policies meeting the EUR 30,000 visa requirement span roughly USD 120 to USD 400 a month depending on age and deductible. The EUR 2,000 floor is statutory and verified in the Gazzetta Ufficiale text of Legge 213/2023 linked here, art. 1 comma 240 at page 46; the USD 200 figure itself is our estimate, not a published statistic. — accessed September 4, 2026
- US Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI-U, all items, US city average, not seasonally adjusted (series CUUR0000SA0): 2024 annual average 313.689; January to July 2026 average 331.18, the latest seven months published, a rise of 5.6%. Used for the US side of the price-level carry-forward. Values read through the BLS public data API, since bls.gov refuses automated page requests. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Eurostat, HICP monthly index for Italy (prc_hicp_midx, CP00, 2015 = 100): 2024 annual average 122.26, 2025 annual average 124.28, December 2025 124.9. Extended at the prevailing rate this gives cumulative Italian inflation of about 3.3% from the 2024 average to 2026, the Italian side of the price-level carry-forward. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Agenzia delle Entrate, IRPEF rates and calculation: 23% to EUR 28,000, 33% from EUR 28,000 to EUR 50,000, 43% above EUR 50,000, after the 2026 Budget Law cut the second bracket from 35%. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Agenzia delle Entrate (English), VAT in Italy: standard rate 22%, reduced rates of 10% and 4%. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Agenzia delle Entrate, optional regime for foreign pensioners (art. 24-ter TUIR): 7% substitute tax on all foreign income, valid for nine tax periods, for municipalities of up to 30,000 inhabitants in Sicily, Calabria, Sardinia, Campania, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Molise and Puglia. The 30,000 threshold applies from 7 April 2026, up from 20,000. — accessed September 4, 2026
- US Department of the Treasury, Convention between the United States and Italy for the avoidance of double taxation, signed 25 August 1999. Article 1(2) saving clause and its exceptions; Article 18(2) on social security payments; Article 19(2) on government pensions. — accessed September 4, 2026
- IRS, Italy tax treaty documents (1984 and 1999 conventions and technical explanations). — accessed September 4, 2026
- IRS, tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026: foreign earned income exclusion USD 132,900, up from USD 130,000 for 2025. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Social Security Administration, Totalization Agreement with Italy (SSA Publication 05-10171), effective 1 November 1978; covers Social Security taxes including the Medicare portion but not Medicare benefits. Copy hosted by the Consulate General of Italy in Philadelphia, as ssa.gov blocks automated retrieval. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Ministero della Salute, Assistenza ai cittadini dei Paesi extra UE in Italia (page updated 23 December 2024). This is Italy's national health authority's own guidance for foreign residents and is the official_url shown in the healthcare block on this page. What the page itself states, verbatim in substance: access to the SSN varies with the reason for the stay; a stay of no more than 90 days, such as a tourist's, brings no SSN enrolment and urgent or elective care is paid at regional tariffs, except for students and au pairs; a holder of a valid permesso di soggiorno enrols at the ASL of the comune of anagrafe residence, or of the comune of effective domicilio shown on the permit; enrolment brings the choice of a medico di base and extends to lawfully resident dependants; and enrolment is either obbligatoria or volontaria. The page is a hub and links the two enrolment routes as separate sub-pages; it does not itself print the euro amounts, so the EUR 2,000, EUR 700 and EUR 1,200 minimums, the F24 payment channel and the calendar-year rule are cited to the statute in the Gazzetta Ufficiale entry below rather than to this page. Verified by rendering the page with a browser user agent; the Ministry portal returns a cookie-check wall to plain retrieval and serves a 200 shell for URLs that do not exist, so sub-page slugs on this site should not be trusted without rendering them. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Gazzetta Ufficiale, Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213 (2024 Budget Law), full text in Supplemento ordinario n. 40/L to Serie generale n. 303 of 30 December 2023, art. 1 commi 240 and 241 at pages 46 and 47 of the PDF. Comma 240 amends art. 34 of the immigration consolidated act (D.Lgs. 286/1998): in comma 3 the words 'al contributo minimo previsto dalle norme vigenti' are replaced by 'a euro 2.000 annui', and a new sentence in comma 5 sets floors of 'euro 700 annui' for the cases in comma 4 letter a) and 'euro 1.200' for letter b). A new comma 6-bis lets a joint Health and Economy ministerial decree adjust those minimums annually. Comma 241 requires payment to the region where enrolment is sought 'utilizzando esclusivamente il modello F24'. This is the legal source for the EUR 2,000 minimum quoted on this page. Cited to the Gazzetta Ufficiale rather than to Normattiva because the Normattiva view of this act paginates art. 1 and does not render commi 240 and 241. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Consulate General of Italy in New York, Elective Residency visa requirements: roughly EUR 31,000 per year, passive income only, employment income excluded, registered lease or deed in the applicant's name required. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Consulate General of Italy in New York, Digital Nomad and Remote Worker visa: minimum income EUR 24,789 per year, health insurance of at least EUR 30,000 or USD 50,000, degree or five years of experience (three for ICT), one-year renewable residence permit. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n. 79 of 4 April 2024 (full issue PDF, decree begins at page 5): interministerial decree of 29 February 2024 on entry and residence of non-EU digital nomads and remote workers. Article 3(1) requires income from lawful sources of 'non inferiore al triplo del livello minimo previsto per l'esenzione dalla partecipazione alla spesa sanitaria', health insurance valid in Italy for the stay, documented accommodation, at least six months of prior experience in the activity to be carried on, and a work or collaboration contract or binding offer. The decree states only that formula; the euro figure of EUR 24,789 comes from applying it to the exemption threshold of EUR 8,263.31 and is the number the Consulate General in New York publishes, cited separately above. Article 1(2) places these entries outside the decreto flussi quotas, and article 3(2) and (3) remove the nulla osta requirement, which is why this route needs no Italian employer. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali, decreto flussi 2026-2028: 497,550 entries in total, 164,850 for 2026, 165,850 for 2027 and 166,850 for 2028. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Investor Visa for Italy, Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy: EUR 250,000 innovative startup, EUR 500,000 limited company, EUR 1,000,000 philanthropic initiative, EUR 2,000,000 government bonds; two-year visa. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Gazzetta Ufficiale, Legge 23 maggio 2025, n. 74 converting Decreto-legge 28 marzo 2025, n. 36 on citizenship, in force from 24 May 2025. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Consulate General of Italy in New York, citizenship: application fee EUR 600 per adult applicant, non-refundable, and summary of the Law 74/2025 restrictions on citizenship by descent. — accessed September 4, 2026
- Ministero degli Affari Esteri, official Italian visa portal listing all visa types and requirements by nationality and purpose of stay. — accessed September 4, 2026
- World Bank, population total for Italy: 58,915,656 in 2025. — accessed September 4, 2026
- World Bank / WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, current health expenditure as a share of GDP: Italy 8.44% (2024, latest available) and United States 16.69% (2023, latest available). The two countries' latest data points fall in different years. — accessed September 4, 2026
- World Bank, life expectancy at birth, 2024: Italy 84.0 years, United States 78.9 years. — accessed September 4, 2026