Which route fits your situation
The table maps common situations to the routes the UK actually has in this dataset. Where a row says no route is tracked, that is a statement about the 7 routes on this page, not a ruling that nothing exists. Check the official pages before you rule anything out.
| Your situation | Route that fits | Permanent residence |
|---|---|---|
| You have an offer from an employer based in the UK |
| Can lead to PR |
| You keep your US employer and work remotely | No dedicated remote-work permit is among the ones tracked here. Working remotely while on visitor entry is not automatically allowed, so check the official pages before you assume it is. | Not applicable |
| You are retired and living on pension or investment income | No dedicated passive-income route is among the ones tracked here. A route in another category may still fit, but it will come with its own conditions. | Not applicable |
| You are investing capital or buying into a business |
| Can lead to PR |
| You are enrolling at a university, college or language school |
| Not directly |
| You are the spouse or close family of a citizen or resident |
| Can lead to PR |
Routes on this page that none of those situations covers: Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA).
Every route at a glance
One row per route, in the order they are set out below. The costs are the official government fees recorded in the data. They exclude translations, apostilles, medicals and legal help, which together often come to more than the fee itself.
| Route | Category | Valid for | Official cost | Permanent residence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) | Visitor | Lasts 2 years or until your passport expires, whichever is sooner; unlimited journeys, each visit up to 6 months | £20 per person, including children and babies | Not directly |
| Skilled Worker visa | Work | Up to 5 years, extendable | £819 (up to 3 years) or £1,618 (over 3 years) per person from outside the UK, plus the Immigration Health Surcharge of £1,035 per year for each person | Counts toward it |
| Global Talent visa | Work | Up to 5 years at a time, extendable without limit | £766 on the endorsed route (£561 for the endorsement plus £205 for the visa), plus the health surcharge of £1,035 per year | Counts toward it |
| High Potential Individual (HPI) visa | Work | 2 years, or 3 years with a PhD; cannot be extended | £880 application fee plus £252 for the Ecctis qualification check, plus £2,070 health surcharge for 2 years | Not directly |
| Innovator Founder visa | Investment | 3 years, renewable in 3-year blocks | £1,357 per person from outside the UK, plus a £1,000 endorsement fee and £500 for each contact-point meeting (at least two), plus the health surcharge | Counts toward it |
| Family visa (partner or spouse) | Family | 2 years 9 months initially, extendable by 2 years 6 months | £2,064 from outside the UK or £1,407 from inside, plus the health surcharge, which is £3,105 for a 2 years 9 months grant | Counts toward it |
| Student visa | Study | Up to 5 years for degree-level study | £558 whether you apply from inside or outside the UK, plus the health surcharge at the student rate of £776 per year | Not directly |
Route by route
The facts in each panel come from the UK data and the official page beside it. The paragraph underneath describes how routes of that class usually work, wherever they are issued, so you know what the application will ask for before you open the form.
Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA)
- Valid for
- Lasts 2 years or until your passport expires, whichever is sooner; unlimited journeys, each visit up to 6 months
- Official cost
- £20 per person, including children and babies
- Permanent residence
- Not directly
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. US citizens no longer just turn up. You must hold an approved ETA before you board, applied for through the UK ETA app or website. It covers tourism, visiting family, short business trips and short-term study, but not paid or unpaid work for a UK company, and you cannot live in the UK through frequent or successive visits.
Typical of visitor routesVisitor entry is not residence. It permits a limited stay, does not permit local work, and the clock is usually enforced across a rolling period rather than per entry. Many countries also require a residence application to be filed from outside their territory, so arriving as a visitor and switching status inside the country is often not possible.
Skilled Worker visa
- Valid for
- Up to 5 years, extendable
- Official cost
- £819 (up to 3 years) or £1,618 (over 3 years) per person from outside the UK, plus the Immigration Health Surcharge of £1,035 per year for each person
- Permanent residence
- Yes, time on this permit counts
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. A job offer from a Home Office licensed sponsor, in an eligible occupation, paid at least £41,700 a year or the published going rate for the occupation, whichever is higher. A reduced £33,400 floor applies in limited cases. You must prove English and show £1,270 in savings unless your employer certifies maintenance.
Typical of work routesEmployer-sponsored routes normally start with a signed offer, not with you. The employer usually has to prove the role was advertised or that it sits on a shortage list, and the permit is tied to that job, so changing employer generally means notifying the immigration authority or filing again. Time held on a work permit is the kind that most often counts toward permanent residence.
Global Talent visa
- Valid for
- Up to 5 years at a time, extendable without limit
- Official cost
- £766 on the endorsed route (£561 for the endorsement plus £205 for the visa), plus the health surcharge of £1,035 per year
- Permanent residence
- Yes, time on this permit counts
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. Endorsement as a leader or emerging leader in academia and research, arts and culture, or digital technology. Digital technology applications are assessed by Tech Nation. Holders of an eligible prestigious prize skip endorsement entirely. No job offer, no sponsor and no minimum salary.
Typical of work routesEmployer-sponsored routes normally start with a signed offer, not with you. The employer usually has to prove the role was advertised or that it sits on a shortage list, and the permit is tied to that job, so changing employer generally means notifying the immigration authority or filing again. Time held on a work permit is the kind that most often counts toward permanent residence.
High Potential Individual (HPI) visa
- Valid for
- 2 years, or 3 years with a PhD; cannot be extended
- Official cost
- £880 application fee plus £252 for the Ecctis qualification check, plus £2,070 health surcharge for 2 years
- Permanent residence
- Not directly
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. A degree awarded in the last 5 years by a university on the Home Office global universities list, which includes most of the American schools you would expect. No job offer needed, and you can work, switch employers or freelance. There is a yearly cap on applications, running 1 November to 31 October.
Typical of work routesEmployer-sponsored routes normally start with a signed offer, not with you. The employer usually has to prove the role was advertised or that it sits on a shortage list, and the permit is tied to that job, so changing employer generally means notifying the immigration authority or filing again. Time held on a work permit is the kind that most often counts toward permanent residence.
Innovator Founder visa
- Valid for
- 3 years, renewable in 3-year blocks
- Official cost
- £1,357 per person from outside the UK, plus a £1,000 endorsement fee and £500 for each contact-point meeting (at least two), plus the health surcharge
- Permanent residence
- Yes, time on this permit counts
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. Endorsement from an approved body for a business idea that is new, innovative, viable and scalable, plus English at B2. There is no minimum investment figure, but you must meet the endorsing body at least twice during the visa to keep the endorsement alive. This is the only founder route left after the Tier 1 Investor visa closed in February 2022.
Typical of investment routesInvestment routes exchange capital for residence, and the paperwork is mostly about the money rather than about you: proof of legal source, a traceable transfer trail, and a holding period before you can sell or withdraw. Thresholds and qualifying assets move frequently, and several governments have narrowed or closed these programmes at short notice, so the official page is the only version worth trusting.
Family visa (partner or spouse)
- Valid for
- 2 years 9 months initially, extendable by 2 years 6 months
- Official cost
- £2,064 from outside the UK or £1,407 from inside, plus the health surcharge, which is £3,105 for a 2 years 9 months grant
- Permanent residence
- Yes, time on this permit counts
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. Your partner is a British or Irish citizen or is settled in the UK, you are both 18 or over, and you are married, in a civil partnership, or have lived together for at least 2 years. Combined income must be at least £29,000 a year, or you must hold qualifying cash savings. English at A1 is required at entry.
Typical of family routesFamily routes turn on the sponsor’s status rather than yours, so the sponsor usually has to meet an income or housing standard. The bottleneck is civil documents: marriage, birth and sometimes divorce certificates, apostilled and translated by an approved translator. Relationships that are genuine but poorly documented fail more often than relationships that are questioned.
Student visa
- Valid for
- Up to 5 years for degree-level study
- Official cost
- £558 whether you apply from inside or outside the UK, plus the health surcharge at the student rate of £776 per year
- Permanent residence
- Not directly
- Government page
- Official requirements →
Who qualifies. An unconditional offer from a licensed student sponsor, proof of funds for tuition and living costs, and English language evidence. Work rights during term are capped. After the course you can usually switch to the Graduate visa for post-study work.
Typical of study routesStudy permits are tied to an accredited institution and an unconditional acceptance letter. Alongside tuition you normally have to show living funds for the year, accommodation and health cover. Work rights are capped at a set number of hours, and the permit ends when the course does, though many countries offer a post-study period to look for work.
Which routes actually go somewhere
Whether a permit renews forever or accumulates toward settlement decides what a decade in the UK is worth at the end of it. These are the routes on each side of that line.
Builds toward permanent residence
- Skilled Worker visa · Up to 5 years, extendable
- Global Talent visa · Up to 5 years at a time, extendable without limit
- Innovator Founder visa · 3 years, renewable in 3-year blocks
- Family visa (partner or spouse) · 2 years 9 months initially, extendable by 2 years 6 months
Temporary or renewable only
- Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) · Lasts 2 years or until your passport expires, whichever is sooner; unlimited journeys, each visit up to 6 months
- High Potential Individual (HPI) visa · 2 years, or 3 years with a PhD; cannot be extended
- Student visa · Up to 5 years for degree-level study
A residence permit and tax residence are decided by separate tests, and it is common to trip the second without intending to. The UK sets its own rule for when you become taxable there, and the US carries on taxing its citizens wherever they live. How US citizens are taxed in the UK →
Most residence applications require proof of health cover from the day the permit starts, before you are inside the local system. What healthcare access looks like in the UK →
How the UK route mix compares
The UK has 7 tracked routes, 4 of which build toward permanent residence. Across the 15 countries on this site the median is 7 tracked routes and 4 that lead to settlement. The table counts routes by category, so if one specific door is the one you need, you can see which destinations have it.
| Category | UK | Canada | Ireland | Australia | New Zealand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visitor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Work | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Digital nomad | None | None | None | None | 1 |
| Retirement | None | None | 1 | None | None |
| Investment | 1 | None | 1 | None | 1 |
| Study | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | None |
| Family | 1 | 1 | None | 1 | 1 |
| Ancestry | None | None | 1 | None | None |
| Other | None | None | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A category with no tracked route is a gap in this dataset for that country, not proof that no such permit exists. Each count is only as complete as the government pages listed on that country's own guide.
How the process usually sequences
The order below is typical rather than specific: it holds for most residence routes in most countries, and the official page for your route governs wherever the two differ. What varies between countries is the length of each stage, not usually its existence.
Pick the route and read its official page end to end
Nearly every rejected application was filed under the wrong category or against last year’s requirements. The route decides the document list, the fee and where you file, so it is the only decision that is expensive to get wrong.
Order civil documents early
Birth and marriage certificates, a criminal record check and, where relevant, degree certificates usually need an apostille and a certified translation. This step is administrative and typically the longest one, because it depends on record offices rather than on you.
Assemble the money and cover evidence
Most residence routes want bank statements covering several consecutive months, a signed employment or income document, and proof of health cover valid from the day you arrive. Statements that skip a month or arrive as screenshots are a common reason files are sent back.
File the application, usually from outside the country
Residence applications are commonly lodged at the consulate covering your US address, or through a government portal that still ends in a consular appointment. Slots can be the binding constraint on your timeline, so book before the file is perfect rather than after.
Attend the appointment and give biometrics
Fingerprints and a photograph are taken at the appointment or shortly after, and the original documents are checked against the copies you submitted. Fees are normally paid at this point and are rarely refundable if the application fails.
Wait for the decision, then collect the entry visa
The decision arrives as a visa sticker or approval letter that lets you travel. It usually carries its own window in which you must enter, which is why booking flights before approval is a gamble rather than a plan.
Arrive and register locally
Most countries expect a local registration within days or weeks of arrival: an address registration, a tax or social security number, and often a local bank account. Several of these steps depend on each other, so the order they are done in matters more than the effort each one takes.
Collect the residence card and diarise the renewal
The physical permit is issued after registration, sometimes at a separate appointment. Renewal windows open before expiry and close on the day, and continuous lawful residence is what later counts toward permanent residence or naturalisation, so a lapsed permit can reset a clock you have been building for years.
Nothing in that sequence is a substitute for the instructions on the official page for your route. Treat it as a checklist for planning your months, not as the requirements themselves.
Residency questions about the UK
Can a US citizen just move to the UK?
No. Americans can visit for up to six months with a £20 Electronic Travel Authorisation, but living or working in the UK requires a visa. The realistic routes are a sponsored Skilled Worker job, a Global Talent endorsement, a High Potential Individual visa if you graduated from a listed university in the last five years, a family visa through a British or settled partner, or a student visa.
How much does the NHS cost an American on a visa?
You pay the Immigration Health Surcharge with your visa application: £1,035 per person per year for most visas, £776 for students, dependants and under-18s. It is charged upfront for the full visa length, so five years costs £5,175 per adult. After that, GP visits, hospital care, maternity and A&E are free at the point of use, with a small flat prescription charge in England.
How much do you need to earn for a UK Skilled Worker visa?
At least £41,700 a year, or the published going rate for your occupation code if that is higher. A reduced £33,400 threshold applies in limited transitional and discounted cases. Your employer must hold a Home Office sponsor licence and issue a certificate of sponsorship, and they pay the immigration skills charge on top of your own visa fee and health surcharge.
How long until I can get permanent residence in the UK?
Five years of continuous residence on most qualifying routes, including Skilled Worker and the family partner route, leads to indefinite leave to remain. Global Talent and Innovator Founder can reach it in three years. The Home Office consulted on an earned settlement model that would raise the default period to ten years; that consultation closed in February 2026 and as of September 2026 no new rules have been laid.
Can I retire to the UK from the US?
Not directly. The UK abolished its retired persons of independent means route in 2008 and has no retirement or passive income visa. Retirees generally need a British or settled spouse, ancestry through a UK-born grandparent if they also hold Commonwealth citizenship, or a route through adult dependent relative rules, which are extremely narrow in practice.
Official pages and sources
Every route on this page was read from a government source. These are the pages behind them, unduplicated, so you can check the current fee and document list yourself.
- Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA): official requirements
- Skilled Worker visa: official requirements
- Global Talent visa: official requirements
- High Potential Individual (HPI) visa: official requirements
- Innovator Founder visa: official requirements
- Family visa (partner or spouse): official requirements
- Student visa: official requirements
Wider sources for this country
What these numbers are. The headline figures were re-derived from primary sources during review. Some category indices could not be matched to a published statistic and are reasoned estimates, marked as such in the list below. Where a source entry says a value is derived, estimated or crowd-sourced, that is exactly what it is: no international body publishes a like-for-like index for every category, and private insurance premiums are not published at all in most countries. Rent figures are national market averages, so a capital city will run above them. How the dataset is built.
- OECD, PPP detailed results: price level indices, United Kingdom with United States = 100, 2024 (SDMX dataflow DSD_PPP@DF_PPP_CPL). Retrieved values: household final consumption 87.3; food and non-alcoholic beverages 85.1; restaurants and accommodation 87.2; transport 111; clothing and footwear 78.9; information and communication 81.2; housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 95.4; alcoholic beverages 117; tobacco 192. 2024 is the latest year published — accessed September 4, 2026
- OECD Data Explorer, Purchasing power parities and price level indices (browsable source for the dataflow above) — accessed September 4, 2026
- World Bank, PPP conversion factor for household final consumption, United Kingdom (0.682739 GBP per international $ in 2024; 0.701529 in 2025) — accessed September 4, 2026
- World Bank, official exchange rate, United Kingdom (0.782415 GBP per USD in 2024; 0.759474 in 2025). Price level = PPP / exchange rate: 2024 gives 87.3, reproducing the OECD figure exactly, and 2025 gives 92.4, which is col_index_vs_us. The ratio 92.37 / 87.26 = 1.059 is the factor used to rebase the 2024 OECD category indices onto the 2025 basis, giving groceries 90, dining 92 and transport 117 — accessed September 4, 2026
- European Central Bank, euro foreign exchange reference rates, 4 September 2026 (EUR/USD 1.1622, EUR/GBP 0.85898, implying GBP/USD 1.3530). This rate is used for every currency conversion on this page — accessed September 4, 2026
- ONS, Private rent and house prices, UK: August 2026 (July 2026 average rents: UK £1,393, one-bedroom £1,132; London £2,317; Wales £843) — accessed September 4, 2026
- ONS, Price Index of Private Rents, UK: monthly price statistics, 19 August 2026 edition. One-bedroom rental prices for July 2026 read directly from the dataset: United Kingdom £1,132, London £1,752, Bristol City of £1,223, Manchester £998, Wales £634. rent_1bed_center_usd uses London (£1,752 x 1.3530 = $2,370); rent_1bed_outside_usd uses the UK average (£1,132 x 1.3530 = $1,532) — accessed September 4, 2026
- rent_index_vs_us derivation: the OECD 2024 price level index for housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels is 95.4 with the US at 100; rebased by the 1.059 factor above this gives 101, so the rent index is set at 100. No directly comparable official US one-bedroom rent level was retrievable, so this index is a sourced approximation rather than a like-for-like rent comparison — accessed September 4, 2026
- ONS, Employee earnings in the UK: 2025 (median gross annual earnings for full-time employees £39,039 in April 2025, up from £37,439 in April 2024). Net of 2026-27 income tax (£5,293.80) and employee National Insurance (£2,117.52) this is £31,628 a year, £2,636 a month, or $3,566 at 1.3530 — accessed September 4, 2026
- ONS, Provisional population estimate for the UK: mid-2025 (69.5 million, 69,487,000 on 30 June 2025) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Income Tax rates and Personal Allowances (£12,570 allowance; 20 percent to £50,270, 40 percent to £125,140, 45 percent above) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, National Insurance rates and categories, 2026 to 2027 (employee Class 1 category A at 8 percent from £242 to £967 a week, 2 percent above) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, VAT rates (standard rate 20 percent, reduced 5 percent, zero rate 0 percent) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Tax on foreign income: UK residence and tax (Statutory Residence Test automatic UK tests; tax year 6 April to 5 April) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Check if you can claim the 4-year foreign income and gains regime (started 6 April 2025; requires 10 years of prior non-UK residence; claiming forfeits Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax allowances) — accessed September 4, 2026
- IRS, United Kingdom (UK) tax treaty documents (2001 treaty, protocol, technical explanation and exchange of notes) — accessed September 4, 2026
- IRS, tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026 (foreign earned income exclusion $132,900, up from $130,000 for 2025) — accessed September 4, 2026
- legislation.gov.uk, The Social Security (United States of America) Order 1984 (SI 1984/1817), giving effect to the Agreement on Social Security signed 13 February 1984; Parts I, II, IV, V and Article 7(1) in force from 1 January 1985 and Part III from 1 January 1988 — accessed September 4, 2026
- IRS, Totalization agreements (general explanation of how the agreements remove dual social security coverage and contributions) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application: how much you pay (£1,035 per year standard; £776 per year for students, their dependants, Youth Mobility Scheme holders and under-18s) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, NHS entitlements: migrant health guide (anyone in England can register and consult with a GP without charge; A&E free to all; ordinarily resident test for secondary care; 150 percent of NHS cost charged to non-exempt overseas visitors) — accessed September 4, 2026
- NHS, Visiting or moving to England (the NHS's own guidance on using the NHS if you are moving to England from outside the EEA, including entitlement and exemptions). This is healthcare.official_url: the national health service itself rather than the Home Office page about paying the immigration health surcharge — accessed September 4, 2026
- utilities_index_vs_us energy component: Ofgem, Energy price cap will rise by 4% from October 2026 (£1,723 a year, up £60 on £1,663, for a typical dual-fuel household paying by direct debit, 1 October to 31 December 2026). Consumption assumption: Ofgem's typical domestic consumption values as revised in July 2026, which the release describes as about 7 percent less electricity and 17 percent less gas than the previous review, so this is actual metered national household usage priced at the capped tariff, not a unit price. £1,723 / 12 = £143.58 a month, $194 at 1.3530 — accessed September 4, 2026
- utilities_index_vs_us water component: Discover Water (the industry and regulator portal run with Water UK, Ofwat, CCW and the Drinking Water Inspectorate), average annual bill. Forecast average combined water and sewerage bill for England and Wales, April 2026 to March 2027: £639, sourced to Water UK. £639 / 12 = £53.25 a month, $72 at 1.3530. Water is billed separately from rent in the UK; only social and a minority of furnished lets bundle it — accessed September 4, 2026
- utilities_index_vs_us derivation. Basis: a typical monthly household bill for one basket - electricity, heating, water, sewerage and refuse for a normal dwelling - not a per-kWh unit price. UK side, converted at £1 = $1.3530: £143.58 energy (Ofgem cap, dual fuel, actual metered typical consumption, above) + £53.25 water and sewerage (Water UK via Discover Water, above) + an ESTIMATED £11 for refuse = £207.83 a month, or $281. US side: $210 a month for the same basket. That $210 is the dataset-wide US reference basket, fixed across every country page so the indices are comparable; it is a site benchmark, not a figure reconstructed here, and the only US component independently sourced at this URL is EIA's 2024 US-total average residential electricity bill of $142.26 a month (863 kWh at 16.48 cents/kWh, table 5A). 281 / 210 x 100 = 134. Two ESTIMATED elements: the £11 refuse figure, because UK households receive no refuse bill (collection is funded from council tax) and the per-household cost sits inside MHCLG revenue outturn spreadsheets rather than in any retrievable published statistic - excluding refuse entirely the index would be 127; and the non-electricity part of the US $210, which is a benchmark rather than a derived total. Treat 134 as directionally right rather than precise. This replaces the previous energy-only figure of 81, which compared UK dual fuel with a US energy bill built from gas prices per gas customer rather than per household and left water and refuse out of both sides — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Skilled Worker visa: how much it costs (£819 up to 3 years, £1,618 over 3 years, per person from outside the UK; healthcare surcharge usually £1,035 a year) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Skilled Worker visa: your job (general salary threshold £41,700 or the going rate, whichever is higher; reduced floor £33,400 in limited cases) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, High Potential Individual visa: how much it costs (£880 application fee, £252 including VAT for the Ecctis qualification check, £1,270 maintenance funds) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Innovator Founder visa (£1,357 per person from outside the UK; £1,000 endorsement fee; £500 for each meeting with the endorsing body, at least two required; settlement possible after 3 years) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Global Talent visa: digital technology (applications endorsed by Tech Nation) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Apply for an Electronic Travel Authorisation (an ETA lasts 2 years or until your passport expires, whichever is sooner, and allows unlimited journeys) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Family visa: how much it costs as a partner or spouse (£2,064 from outside the UK, £1,407 from inside) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Family visa: proving your income as a partner (minimum income requirement £29,000 a year, or qualifying savings) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Earned settlement consultation (ran 20 November 2025 to 12 February 2026, responses being analysed; proposes raising the default settlement qualifying period from 5 years to 10, with reductions of up to 7 years for Global Talent and Innovator Founder holders and income-based reductions above £50,270 and £125,140) — accessed September 4, 2026
- GOV.UK, Driving in Great Britain on a non-GB licence (checker for how long you can drive and whether your licence can be exchanged) — accessed September 4, 2026
- myTribe Insurance, average cost of private health insurance in the UK 2026 (£82.53 a month for an adult, from 11,770 quotes across seven insurers gathered in March 2026; £82.53 x 1.3530 = $112). Aggregated market data, used because no official UK statistic on private medical insurance premiums exists — accessed September 4, 2026